Latin+America

Latin America
 * E || **Economic:**
 * MI:**
 * 200,000 left = disrupting some aspects of the Castilian economy
 * Large estates and encomiendas provided the framework for relations based on economic dominance
 * First era of conquest main lines of administration and economy
 * PR + Cuba fell under Spanish control
 * Bartering w/ the Native Americans= replaced by ^ royal control + development of a sugar plantation economy
 * S || **Social:**
 * MI: Following nearly a century of the implimentation of the encomienda system, importation of afircan slaves and spanish women transformed the colonies in to mature establied settlements.**
 * Spanish + Portuguese= from societies long in contact w/ peoples of other faiths + cultures (warfare + conquest = well established)
 * Spanish + Portuguese inhabited the Iberian peninsula
 * Heavily urban (lots of peasants in small towns/villages)
 * Patriarchal family = adapted large estates and encomiendas (grant of American Indian laborers)
 * Held tradition of holding slaves ( slaves from the trans=Sahara trade)
 * Second era of conquest main lines of consolidation + maturity
 * The holder of an encomienda (an encomendero) was able to use the people as workers or to tax
 * Gold hunting _ slaving +European diseases rapidly depopulate islands
 * Immigrant included large #s of Spanish women
 * Spanish women + African slaves = from conquest to settlement
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Gold hunting replaced by ranches and sugar plantations
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Diseases annihilated people -> depopulation of laboring population-> slaving on other islands
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Spanish expeditions comprisined 50 to 500 men
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Women + missionaries + administrators + artisans = formed civil society
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Peru and Mexico = surpluses of food + potential laborers
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Absolute power could lead to tyranny
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Men signed up on a shares basis ( brought horses or had special skills – double shares)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Tendency of leaders to reward their friends, relatives, and men from their home province more liberally than others
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Few of conquerors were professional soldiers
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Later expeditions included a few Spanish women
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Conquest = violence + domination + theft ||
 * P || **Political:**
 * MI: Their government was based on bureacratic groups.**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Americas = Iberian control
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Ferdinand of Aragon + Isabella of Castile = program of unification to eliminate the religious + ethnic diversity
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Political centralization depended on a professional bureaucracy (made up of me t rained as lawyers + judges)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Professional bureaucracy could be compared to Chinas system
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Religion + Church = other pillar of Iberian politics
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Royal nomination of church officials were extended to the New World
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Links between church + state = reconquest of Iberian peninsula from Muslims
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Third era of conquest main lines of reform + reorganization
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">To rule = Governorship + treasury office + royal court of appeals (professional magistrates)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Spanish legalism was part of the institutional transfer
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Notaries accompanied new expeditions + body of laws was developed
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Mistreatment + destruction of American Indians = clerics + royal administrators end the worst abuses
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bartolome de Las Casa (a conquistador turned priest) initiated the struggle for justice
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bureaucrats + merchants + colonists conquerors as institution of government and economy were created
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Spanish government’s concern with the legality + morality of its actions and the willingness of Spaniards ||
 * I || **Interactions:**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Isabella + Ferdinand supported Christopher Columbus to reach the East Indies by sailing westward around the globe
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Merchants also shaped traditions that became important to the American colonies
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Portugal moved down the African coast (trading ports)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Atlantic islands = more slave trade with African + commercial agricultural system (sugar)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Brazil = trade factory -> plantation agriculture
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Immigration + commerce + exploitation of native populations linked areas to an emerging Atlantic economy
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Havana, San Juan, and Santo Domingo – guarded Spain’s commercial lifeline
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Spanish + Italian merchants = import African salves to work on the few sugar plantations
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Resistance + subsequent depopulation of native peoples = importation of African laborers
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hernan Cortes ( educated man w/ great ability as leader) led an expedition of 600 men to the coast of Mexico
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Peru = civil war erupted after conquerors were replaced ||
 * R || **Religion:**
 * MI: The main religion was cchristianity and muslims fought for the spread of islam.**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cultural frontier between Christianity and Islam
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Christian kingdoms = Portugal, Spain, Aragon, and Castile
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Isabella ordered the Jews to convert or leave
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Religion + Church = other pillar of Iberian politics
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Church = represented first by individual priests and then by missionaries like the Dominicans (participated in the enterprise)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cathedral was being built on Hispaniola + university followed
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Conquerors served God by converting heathen at the same time ||
 * I || **Cultural & Intellectual:**
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Juan Gines de Sepulveda published a book claiming that the conquest was fully justified ( based on Aristotle)
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He said that Indians were not human and some people were born to serve
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He also said that the Spaniards = come free Indians from unjust lords = bring light of salvation
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Bartolome de Las Casa contrary opinion against Sepulveda b/c he said “the Indians are our brothers and Christ ahs given his life for them.”
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Also said that Christian conversion should take place only by peaceful means
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Sepulveda’s book was censored but the conquests nevertheless continued ||
 * T || **Technology and demographic changes**:
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hurricanes + native people resistance = towns to be moved or abandoned
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Most of central had been brought under Spanish controls as the kingdom of New Spain
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Horses, firearms, and more steel = a great advantage over stone tech ||
 * <span style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Horses, firearms, and more steel = a great advantage over stone tech ||

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Summary: This document states that indians or natives are infact barbaric but that doesn't enable their capacity. Although they don't practice what is considered as civil way of life.

**__Brazil__****__: The First Plantation Colony__** · Portuguese created the first great plantation colony of the Americas · **Pedro Alvares Cabral** – Leader of an expedition to India and stopped on Brazilian shore o Little at first to attract European interest but pressure from French competitions = new system of settlement established in 1532 o **Captaincies** – combined broad, seemingly feudal powers with a strong desire for commercial development. o **1549** – Portuguese king sent over governor general/other officials to create a royal capital at Salvador. First Jesuit missionaries arrived and indigenous resistance has been broken by military/missionary actions. ** Sugar and Slavery ** · Brazil = held position as leading sugar producer · By end of century Brazil had about 150,000 slaves (1/2 it’s population) · Social hierarchy = reflection plantation and salve origins o White planters families = aristocracy linked by marriage to resident merchants and few Portuguese bureaucrats and officials o Slaves = at bottom of society distinguished by color an status as property o Growing segment of population = mixed origins · Portugal created a bureaucratic structure that integrated colony within an imperial system · Royal officials trained in law formed core of bureaucracy · Brazil’s ties to Portugal = strong **Brazil****’s Age of Gold** · American colonies = particularly susceptible to changes in European politics · Dutch seized certain portion of northeastern Brazil and controlled its sugar production · Brazilian sugar industry = undercut and colony entered hard times and each European nation tried to establish an integrated set of colonies that included plantations · Paulistas – 17th century hardy backwoodsmen from sao Paolo had been exploring the interior capturing Indians and searching for precious metals · Minas Gerais – gold strikers were made · Great gold rush began and people deserted coastal towns and plantations to head for gold washings · Gold reached production height between 1735-60 and made Brazil greatest source of fold in the Western world ·   Instead of rushing to the coast, immigrants were rushing to the gold mines, where half of the slave population worked mining gold. ·   The government imposed a heavy tax to gain control of the newfound wealth. ·   The port at  ** Rio de Janeiro **  gained importance since it was nearest to the gold mines. It later became the capital of the economy. Portugal became to rely way to much on gold, and when gold became scarce, Portugal found itself dependent on England.