Middle+East



I pick that region as the middle east because I think that those countries share similarities. In my point of view this geographic area would be considered middle east.



[|__//**http://www.teachmideast.org/essays/27-geography/51-what-is-the-middle-east**//__] //**What the Middle East is**// **Not** There are two common mistakes that are often made when referring to the Middle East. The first is to confuse the Arab world with the Middle East. The Middle East is a very diverse region, with many languages and cultures. While the majority of the inhabitants of the region speak Arabic, there are several countries in the Middle East that are not majority Arabic speaking, including Turkey, Iran, and Israel. Of course, there are also minority communities within the Middle Eastern Arab-majority states for whom Arabic is not their native language, including the Kurds, Berbers, and many other groups. At the same time, there are many Arabic speakers who live in non-Arab majority states, from Sudan to the United States. Although there is a great deal of overlap, the Middle East and the Arab world are not the same thing! The second common mistake is to equate the Middle East and Islam. While Islam began in the area that is now the modern state of Saudi Arabia, it has spread over the centuries so that there are communities of Muslims all over the world. Most Muslims today don't live in the Middle East or grow up speaking Arabic (although many do learn some Arabic for religious reasons, since it is the language of the Quran). In fact, less than 20% of all the Muslims in the world-and there are over 1.3 bill ion-are native speakers of Arabic.



MI: Often when people refer to the Middle East they make two general mistakes. The first is to think that the Middle East and the Arab world are the same and the other mistake is to equate it with Islam. Reading this article cleared up what the Middle East actually is. I also made the mistake of think it meant the Arab world or and culture that was Muslim. I guess I thought that because of knowing many of the regions are Arabic speaking, that being so I thought they must share religion as well. I know have a better understanding of the diverse region that the Middle East actually is. I chose some of the correct countries for the most part, but I missed Northern Africa and added some of the Central Asian countries.
 * The Middle East is a diverse region
 * lots of its inhabitants speak Arabic but there are many countries that do not
 * Just because their are followers of the Muslim faith doesn’t make it part of the Middle East
 * Many Muslims live around the world

Notes pages 661-666 and 727-729

Egypt and the Rise of Nationalism: MI: Egypt began to become nationalist after occupation of Turkish overlords and British. · The following decade the British conquest the policy to control the government was in Lord Cromer’s power. · He pushed for economic reforms · Sweeping reforms in the bureaucracy and construction of irrigating systems and other public works projects. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Benefits: foreign merchants, the turco-Egyptian political elite, a small Egyptian bourgeoisie in Cairo and other towns in the Nile delta. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">British depended on local nobles to extend control into rural areas. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ayan received most of the benefits of irrigation works, building of railways, and the increasing orientation of Egyptian agriculture to the production of raw cotton for export market. · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">their wealth grew, as did contrast between the different classes · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">estates were run by hired managers · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Khedival regiem and great landlords were allied with British so occupation was left to middle class · <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This relatively small and new class had grown in numbers, especially in towns near the Nile delta · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">With Orabi;’s revolt stillin mind from 1882, Egypt got its independence by sons of effendi, which were the people who made up the new class · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Egyptian journalist led the way as apose to India’s lawyers who led their independence · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">They exposed the Khedival regime and the British 1890-1900’s · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Before WWI 1914, British put down riots against them · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Although the riots failed the Egyptians felt the hostility, Dinshawai incident 1906. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">This conflict exposed the racial arrogance between British and Egyptians · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">All of this led to the drive of independence

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">War and Nationalist Movements <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">MI: During the years of WWI, the Middle East focused on resistance of European powers. Since the Turks sided with the central power they were also in the defeat. The Ottoman empire disappeared and Britain and France began to pick apart the Arab portions that revolted against the Turkish regime during the war. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Greece and Italy attacked Turkish empire around Constantinople · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Skilled military commander Mustafa Kemal drove back the Greeks and Italians · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1923, Turkish independent republic was established · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He launched many reforms · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Many of the radical changes happened 1920-1930’s & were based on western precedents like new latin alphabet, women suffrage, and criticism of the veil. · <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">French and British occupied much of the Middle East in 1916 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Hussein, the sherif of Mecca, had used these promises to convince the Arabs to rise in support against Britian's war with Turks. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·Mandates- governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of world war I, Britian occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq & Palestin after 1992. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·Zionism-movement originating in Eastern European during the 1860's and 1870's that argued that Jews must return to the Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·Balfour Declaration- British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917. Revolt in Egypt, 1919 MI: Egypt was already occupied with British colonies when the war broke out.During the war the most important thing that the British tryed to protect was the Suez Canal against Turks.Meaning while Egyptians were also fighting against anticolonial dominance. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·By the end of the war Egyptians were ready for a revolt <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·When a delegation (wafd) tried to travel to France and make peace for Egypt to be selfdetermined was refused many gov. officials resigned. <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">·student-led riots broke out <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">· Newly founded wafd party led by Sa'd Zaghlul, gave nationalist

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">[]

<span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Class notes: <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">WWI: <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">WWII:
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1916- British and French made agreement to pick apart ottoman empire
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1917- Balfour Declaration- promised land to zionist (U.S) + Arabs
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1918 Wilson's 14 points gave hope to Middle East
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1919 Middle-Mandates were colonies and a grant of land by league of nations, like syria and lebanon -rest British
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1920 - future war?- oil.
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1930's British +U.S- drilling in Middle East (U.S in Saudi Arabia)
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Protecting oil supllies was key
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Holocaust
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1948 Isreal is created as state
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">on the day it became a state it was invaded by Egypt, Syria, Trans Jordan, Lebanon, & Iraq
 * <span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1949 Isreal = bigger then originally

Name of Leader: Gamal Abdul Nasser

Lifespan 1918-1970

Title: Second President of Egypt

Country/region: Egypt

Years in Power

1956-Death

Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power udan and Egypt

At the age of fifteen, he took part in anti-British demonstrations. Those who protested also targeted some in the royal family who it was believed tacitly supported the power Britain still maintained over Egypt by its joint-ownership of the Suez Canal. In 1938, Nasser graduated from the Royal Military Academy and joined the Egyptian Army. Within the army, Nasser continued with his anti-British activities.In 1942, an incident occurred which is said to have been the key turning point in Nasser's activities. In February 1942, the British persuaded/forced the king of Egypt, King Farouq, to accept a government that was to be headed by Nahas Pasha. At this time, Britain's power in North Africa was reaching a peak with the defeat of the Afrika Korps and this power was especially felt in Egypt. Nasser was appalled by what he considered to be the interference in the internal affairs of one country by a colonial European power. For the next seven years, he used his influence to persuade officers in the Egyptian Army that a) such interference was unacceptable and b) that all vestiges of British rule/influence had to be removed from Egypt. During this time, Nasser was stationed as an instructor in the Egyptian Army Staff College. This gave him direct access to young officers who might be more prone to his views when compared to the older officers in the Egyptian Army.On top of the humiliation of losing the war, Nasser was angered by the apparent corruption within certain sections of the Royal Family which it was thought hindered any chance of victory. Nasser decided to basically plot against the king for the sake of Egypt’s future.On July 23rd 1952, Nasser helped to organise a revolt against the Royal Family and King Farouk was overthrown.Nasser was the obvious choice to succeed him. This he did on November 17th 1954.

Ideology, Motivation, Goals:

Egypt free of any overtones of colonialism – a belief that was to bring him into direct conflict with Britain and France in 1956. To support his beliefs, Nasser did what he could to restore national pride to all Arab nations – not just Egypt.

Significant Actions & events During Term of Power

Nasser’s stand against two major European powers brought him huge popularity not just in Egypt but also in all Arab nations. After this success, Nasser set about the ‘Egyptianisation’ of his country.One of the most pressing problems Egypt faced on an annual basis was the flooding of the River Nile which could decimate fertile farming land. Nasser’s plan was to build a dam to hold back the mighty waters of the Nile which would also provide Egypt with hydro-electric power.Nasser also made gains in other areas of domestic policy.

Short-Term effects:

Long-Term Effects

- Nasser became the symbol of Arab freedom because he restored the national pride - Nile river dam

http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/gamal_abdel_nasser.htm

Leader Analysis Sheet

Name of Leader: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Lifespan May 17, 1900

Title: Iranian Religious Leader/Political leader

Country/region: Iran

Years in Power

1979-1989

Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power

His father was murdered by bandits when he was 5 months old, his mother died in 1918. Khomeini began his religious and philosophical studies after World War I in Arak and later in the religious center of Qom. He was a lecturer in political philosophy, Islamic history and ethics at the Qom seminary and in Najaf for many years and was recognized as a leading scholar of Shia Islam. In 1929 he married Khadijeh Saqafi Khomeini, who was 12 or 13 years old at the time.n the 1960s, he became politically active in opposition to the government of the Shah. In 1962, he led opposition to a bill that would have reformed elections to allow non-Muslims to run for office.his increasingly strident opposition to the Iranian government, he was arrested in the spring of 1963 and exiled in 1964. He stayed in Turkey for a year and then moved to Najaf, Iraq.

Ideology, Motivation, Goals:

Those who falsely claim that Islam is only relevant to matters of faith do so because they are servants of imperialists. If Muslim states employed Islamic governance than they would become more powerful than their rivals, and that is why imperialists and their servants oppose rule by Islamic law.

Significant Actions & events During Term of Power

He also established himself as an Islamic authority in Najaf, and he developed his theory of Islamic governance, exposed in a series of lectures given in Najaf from January 21 to February 8, 1970.hese were compiled into a book: Hukumat e Islami: Velayat i Faqih (or Wilayat al Faqih), or in English: Islamic government: the custodianship of the Jurists. He called for Islamic revolutions across the globe. He promised racial change and moderate leaders to replace old racial religious figures.

Short-Term effects:

- National Democratic Front and Muslim’s People Republican People,which was eventually attacked &banned

Long-Term Effects

- Islamic Constitution & republic

http://www.mideastweb.org/Middle-East-Encyclopedia/ayatollah_khomeini.htm

Middle East: Summary

The Middle East went throught a mayjor nationalist movement during the 1914, which called for independence. They wanted to push away the west’s influence and dominance over their nations. Tension arose when the western countries like Brititain colozied more and more into the area, cause strict regiems among the middle eastern people. Eygpt is a good example of having British involvement and wanting it out. Mean while the countries of the Middle East were asking for independence, their national leader fought over the ideals of the best national approach to leading their nation. over all the Middle East found its way to make a name for them selves in the global world.