The+West



Other Industries: MI:Countries like Canada, Australia, and New Zeland gained rewards for participating in the war. And Nations were growing and acting uppon their independence. New Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fascism: MI: Harsh forms of government first emerged in western Europe. The New Nations of East Central Europe: MI: Authoritarian regimes spread to the east central Europe also during 1920s. A Balance Sheet: MI: During the 1920s many changes occured in the world. As japan and the U.S changed in their increase of industrial and cultural dominance, Western Europe went under political changes.
 * I picked this region to represent the West because it is most of western Europe.**
 * Read p. 673- 678 - and 690 - 695 Outline notes**
 * Bouncing Back?:**
 * MI: The western European societies were facing many challenges postwar.**
 * **about 10 million died, many injuries, and a blow to their morale.**
 * property damage and economic dislocation added to problem
 * the wartime governments printed more money instead of raising taxes, leading to a postwar inflation
 * a new democratic republic in German made some positive strides, although they still had to pay the WWI reparations.
 * Cubist movement led by Pablo Picasso
 * Writers and composers also challenged stylistic traditions
 * Further work in science on Albert Einstein's work
 * atomic structures and genetics knowledge advanced
 * mass consumption items like radio, were important
 * middle- class women gain participation in popular culture
 * they went to nightclubs, smoked, and danced crazes, originated in USA and Latin America
 * U.S, Germany, Great Britain, and Turkey women gained right t to vote
 * agriculture and coal mining didn't recover prosperity and British economy remained sluggish
 * Western Europe didn't regain export markets taken over by U.S and Japan
 * Most Western European countries faced political extremism and many communist parties arose
 * Australia become independent in 1901 and gained particular pride in military role
 * In 1920's several conferences confirmed the independence of Dominions and their co-equal status with Britian.
 * U.S economic and culture advanced radpidly in the 1920's
 * the economy boomed during this time and corporations expanded
 * organizations of work system changed
 * Henry Ford introduced assembly line to automobile
 * production changes were widely imitated in Europe, Japan, and Soviet Union
 * U.s increased popular cultural exports
 * Jazz spread from African americans to Europe
 * Hollywood became the center for films in 1920s, and many stars were forgeing and became international staples
 * U.S refused to sign Versailles treaty to enter League of Nations
 * For two decades the U.S pursued and isolationist policy
 * Red scare happend
 * Japan entered new stage of industrialization
 * Agriculture improved
 * Japan rapidly augmented its heavy industrial secot with shipbuilding, electrical power, organized mainly the state
 * Japan still depended on cheap exports to the west
 * it depend on forgein earings to fund imported fuel and raw materials and to support rapid population growth
 * Politically, tensions among Japan's military leaders and civilian government increased during the decade
 * 1919 former socialist and soldier Benito Mussolini formed the "fascio di combattimento"
 * Italians vaguely advocated a new system that would replace capitalism and socialism
 * Fasicm-political philosophy that became predominate in Italy and then Germany in 1920s and 1930s
 * many countries began to seek a need for a new authoritarian leadership and devotion to nationalist values over capitalist profit-seeking and socialist class struggle
 * postwar conditions gave Italy the boost
 * Italian parliment seemed weak
 * Mussolini then was able to make his mark
 * In1922 growing political divisions and rising threat the Italian King called on Mussolini to form a new government
 * the fascist seem to be the only hope wit few supporters
 * the new nations from the Blatic states to Yugoslavia, were consummed by nationalist excitement at independence but also harnored excitement at ances about territories.
 * Authoritarianism arrived through dictator or monarch's seizure of new power


 * Read WWII - OUTLINE**
 * Old and New Causes of a Second World War:**
 * MI: WWII was caused by great social changes and new political ideas in the nations that were involved in WWI.**
 * Japan military is formed in the 1930s
 * China's Chiang Kai-shek was able to gain popular support and defeat the southern and northern warlords to unite China
 * Japanese military captures Manchuria in 1931.
 * Germany's military rise was radical and abrupt.
 * Hitler and the National Socialist Party grew powerful during the depression and political turmoil.
 * Nazi promised to put the people back to work and restore political stability
 * Hitler and Mussolini begin to work together
 * Hitler and Mussolini intervene in Spanish civil war in order to gain Spain on their side.
 * The fascist Franco still refused to be a part of WWII.
 * The fascist Franco still refused to be a part of WWII.


 * Uncchecked Agression and the coming of War in Europe and the Pacific:**

**MI: WWII began with totaletarian agressions from Germany and Imperialized Japan with a goal of suceeding at any cost.
 * **﻿WWII began on Sept. 1 1939, when Germany invaded Poland**
 * **The Axis power ( Germany, USSR, Italy, Japan)**
 * Hitler and Mussolini discovered Britain and France's plan to sacrifis smaller states like Spain to satisfy fascist states
 * Winstin Churchill warned that a War was going to happen if Hitler's amitions came through

4. Read chapter 31p.732 - 750 The cold war was mainly a conflict between the U.S and the soviet Union. It played a major role on the political and society of western Europe. As for Eastern Europe, the soviets had invaded much of the Eastern nation enforcing communist regiemes. Resulting in the Eastern Bloc which included; Poland, Czechsolovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, and Hungry. This ended the Baltic states, Russia gained control of Poland, and some German land. The Russian control of the Eastern part of Germany was one step closer to control of Europe. Britain them saw that they couldn't handle Russia's pressure and the United States steped with The Marshall Plan. Germany was the focal point of the Cold war, it was divided into four parts administrated by U.S, Britain, Soviet Union, and France. The United States wanted to protect their western part of Germany by Building the Berlin wall and creating a major airlift to aid the west with supplies. The crisis endend in 1948 with East and west Germany being distinctly divided. The U.S formed NATO in 1949, to protect themselves againsg Sovietr agression. In return The Soviet created the Warsaw pact, and their own nuclear capability. From then on the U.S brought many influences on international policies. After the war Fascisim and other radical forms of government were discredited and European countries decided to move towards democracy again. It first began in Germany and Italy since they were recently liberated from fascist and nazi rule. France also created a new republic once the occupation ended. Western Germany was under U.S, Britain and France controll. The welfare state was resitance idea and shift leftward of political specturm help explain the new activism of the state in economic policy and welfare issues. New programs were needed in Britain to repay the lower classes for their loyalty and to protect economic inequality. Also followed were the new governments emerged like communist socialist- christian democracy in France and Italy, were all quikly making new government reforms to better the economy. Now unemployment and health ensurance was all a part of the program. Along with extention of democracy and developing the welfare state, the west focused on showing traditional diplomatic problems, with rivals, & specific manifestations. The goal was to restore Europes spirt. Institutitonwere established to link policies inheavy industry and later to develop atomic power. The European Union was formed to create a single economic entity across national political boundries. But it did no mean they were under a single government. With the help of welfare state and European union by the mid-1950s Europes economy was entering a new phase.Agriculture production grew rapidly but now as the agriculture of the U.S. The production of automoblies and appliences also helped growing factories. They still remained a leading source for weapon production by exporting only to U.S and Soviet. Immigration also contributed to the economy. The U.S made tradional change but so did Austrailia, New Zealand, and Canada. Canada established a welfare policy to better economic planning and state run medical plan. Canada continued to intergrate with the U.S. Many immigrants from Asia came to Canada. Quebec's remained under frech canadian influences. in 1945 Austrailia and New Zealand moved away from Great Britains control. At first the U.S hesitated after 1945, demobilzing its world peace would provide some respite from future international engagement. The Soviet Unions actions in Eastern Europe prompted the U.S to take action. In 1947 president Truman passed the Free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.The republic tried to resiste international engagement but in 1948 communist party took over czechsolvakia.
 * **What were the major effects of decolonization post WWII on Europe?**
 * After WWII much of Western Europe lost their domincance in the world. THat being so they had to become secondary playering the coldwar against the Superpowers. Due to destruction of housing and transportaion, briges and rail lines affected food shipments causing lots of Refugees from Germany and France. WWII caused a resiting national movement in the colonies and the refused to aid their European colonial control. The cost to maintain these colonies were high resulting in decolonization.**
 * How did the Cold War divide Europe? What were the implications of this division?
 * Why did European governments move towards Liberal Democracies?
 * What was the welfare state? Why did they develop? what were the issues?
 * Trace growing diplomatic relationships within Europe
 * Outline economic development in Europe
 * Outline the post war development of the non-European West (Excluding the United States)
 * Explain the growing role of the United States in world affairs
 * Trace developments for women in the post war West
 * Outline cultural developments in Europe.