From+hunter+gathers+to+civilization

aditions made in blue:

Define Civilization: -Civilization is a term that describes the different social classes. Its the development and order that humans show more culture and advancement then slavages. The development of a government and social structures play a majr role. Societies usually are divided into classes, which inputs order on a group. Its an advancement in Human performances that creates organization, culture and spiritual values. A government gets set up and monitors societies lifestyle.



**associated with the dawn of civilization **

-Expanded the limited trade of nomadic hunter-gatherers -Pastoralism and agriculture replaced subsistence foraging and hunting || - eventually Farming was resisted because it was difficult and tedious, but many people converted to farming societies because it provided a stable food supply.  Could belong to economics because it’s talking about the economy through a stable food supply caused by a surplus of food. -Surplus grains provided the impetus for the development of specialized occupations, e.g. artisans, administrators, metallurgist, etc. - Women take a lesser role in social life. -The schism between classes increase - Sumerians living in **city states**, with a king as the ruler led to citizens being more separated from the ruling party. || - Sumerians ruled in **city states**, with a king as the supreme leader. The government helped regulate religion and enforce duties, and provided a court system in the interests of justice. - **Hammurabi’s law** established rules of procedures for courts of law, and limited property rights and limited the duties of family setting harsh punishments for crimes. -A land was controlled by three parties, the king, the upper class, and the priest. -Pharaohs exercised immense power || The Sumerian culture soon fell in **conquest** of the Babylonians who made their own empire. The Mesopotamians who seemed to influence Egypt had many trading roots with Indus river civilization. Civilization in the yellow river were mostly isolated though they did make trading contact with India and other middle eastern civilization. || -Deities devoted to agriculture -Sumerian Ziggurats || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- Farming development in the middle east because of the new tools. <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-By 9000 B.C.E animals started to be domesticated in the middle east <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-The first potter’s wheel came to existence around 6000 B.C.E  <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- Metal work was extremely useful to agriculture and herding societies. ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">E || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">-Provided the base for a more complex bartering/goods system
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">S || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- <span style="color: red; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Development of agriculture led to permanent settlements which increased world population. - is this social? <span style="color: blue; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Population is more of a demographic, but new settlements would be considered a social factor. **//BOOM.//**
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">P || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- Men assumed all political leadership
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">I || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">Since people lived highly dense population they ended up getting sick, and diseases started to spread. The hunter gatherers were the most affected.
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">R || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The people from the village Catal Huyuk had strong religious beliefs. Their houses reflected those beliefs through the images of the powerful male hunters and “mother Goddesses”
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">I || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">The first potters wheel in 6000 BCE and metal tools, primarily bronze and copper, soon followed in 4000 BCE.  ||
 * <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">T || <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 11pt;">- Our abilities to make and manipulate tools depends directly on what stone age ancestors learned about physical matter.

Sumerians His son Shulgi, launched a calendar and weigh system into the empire. ||
 * E ||  They used silver as an exchange to buy and sell, as money.  ||
 * S ||  The King had to give offerings for the temple so that the gods would bless him and his temple. The citizens also left offering.  ||
 * P ||  Ur Nammu was the ruler of Ur in the third millennium BC. He ruled for 100 years. He showed his power by building lots of monuments, like temples. He united all the cities of Sumer into an empire.Their government was based on city-states. The government regulated religion and developed a court system.  ||
 * I ||  Ziggurats spread through out Mesopotamia, Babylonia, and Assyria.  ||
 * R ||  The Sumerians believed the gods came from the mountains the temples were built on platforms to look like mountains. The king use to carve his name in thing in the temples so that the gods would bless him and his kingdom.  ||
 * I ||  The buildings in Uruk were made with thousands of mud bricks. But some had the foundation of a rare Sumerian stone. Sometime the walls were decorated with pieces of baked clay. The pieces were painted with blue, black, white, red, and yellow: to form a mosaic. Mosaics were also used to decorate brick columns. Sumerians developed the cuneiform alphabet. They were the founderes of astronomy  ||
 * T ||  Ur Nammu created a new type of temple called Ziggurat. Its was a large platform with smaller platforms on top. Each Ziggurat represented a god and each had a name.

__Document: Hammurabi’s law code pg.21__ What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || I have learned that Mesopotamia was where the earliest civilizations originated. The change of lifestyle of hunters and gathers to agriculture all began there. In Mesopotamia was where the first civilizations arose. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || The ancient society is the audience of these laws. “If a free person helps a slave escape, the free person will be put to death.” || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  The purpose of these laws was to organize and control the society. “If a merchant increases interest beyond that set by the king and collects it, that merchant will lose what was lent.” “ If the husband of a married lady has accused her but she is not caught lying with another man, she shall take an oath by the life of a god and return to her house” || Support with quotes ||  The main idea of these laws is that with ever action that crosses these laws has and effect. There will be a consequence with every fault.
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Hammurabi wrote this code of law’s. He was the king of Babylon and he united Mesopotamia. He ruled from 1800 to1750 BCE. What might have influenced him to write these laws was to maintain structure and order in the ancient civilization.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  It was created in Mesopotamia, and when it was written isn’t listed but it was discovered in 1901 CE.  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **

“If he breaks the bone of a [free] man, they shall break his bone.” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  In relation to the topic we have been discussing these laws show how they maintained civilization in the ancient world. Hammurabi law code puts order in his society and gives the people the opportunity to be civil. || Questions? ** --> ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">In my opinion Hammurabi’s code is very strict on society. It has mainly punishments that result in death. Man controlled and ruled their wives too. The sons were next to rule in the family after the fathers. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">--> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The relationship between law and trade was that people were free to trade with anyone, but if they didn’t pay the government would punish them. **<span style="color: black; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">--> **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Societies in Babylonia were based on an eye for an eye. Whatever you did to someone most like it would be done to you. They believe that if a society had punishments people would avoid breaking the laws. ** --> ** <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The documents seems to enforces the believe in the supernatural.
 * ** Significance **


 * Neolithic Revolution || The succession of technological innovations and changes in human organization that led to the development of agriculture. ||
 * Bronze Age || From about 4000 BCE, when bronze tools were first introduced in the middle east, to about 1500 BCE, when iron began to replace it. ||
 * Catal Huyuk || Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture: located in modern southern Turkey: was longer in population than Jericho, had greater degree of social stratification. ||
 * Civilization || Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. ||
 * Ziggurats || Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamia temple complexes. ||
 * City States || A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamia civilizations: considered of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban based king. ||
 * Sumerians || People who migrated into Mesopotamia 4000 BCE: created first civilization within religion: organized area into city-states. ||
 * Hammurabi || The most important ruler of Babylonian empire: responsible for codification of law. ||
 * Huanghe || Or Yellow river, site of development of sedentary agriculture in china. ||
 * Indus River || A long river that flows in Northern India ||

<span style="color: #e66060; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Summary: <span style="color: #e66060; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Chapt. 1 <span style="color: #e66060; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Before hunmans were classified into civilizations they were hunters and gatherers. The earliest civilizations originated in Mesopotamia. After the Neolithic revolution came about the hunter and gatherer lifestyle began to change. It took thousands of years to spread to Asia, Europe,and Africa. Agriculture made it possible for populations to grow because it provided more food supply and people were able to build shelter. After agriculture began to set in the societies metal tools were discovered around 4000B.C.E. The first metal was copper but soon after bronze came out. This led to the next human existance, called bronze age. Writting was developed in the middle east about 3500 B.C.E., it was called cuneiform. In Mesopotamia, the first types of civilization arose. The people there were use to working with copper and bronze. They'd discovered the wheel and their aristic forms were well developed. Some civilizations to have settled in Mesopotamia were Sumerians and Babylonians.