Africa

and 2 : Notes **p666-669 ** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727 ** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806 ** (The Apartheid State and its Demise) and 2 : Notes **p666-669 ** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727 ** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806 ** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)

The beginnings of liberation struggle in Africa: MI: Because most of Africa was under European colonial rule, the Educated Africans were loyal to their British and French overlords during the first world war. This gave them the advantage of African possessions for manpower and raw materials throughout the war.African natives then strived to better their people and gain more opportunities to build a better political associations with Africa. · But their reliance took a toll on their colonies · There was forceful recruitment of African soldiers and disrupted many societies · Merchants and farmer suffered from decline in crop demand and shipping shortages · The villeges in afirca didn’t like having to go on a food shortage to feed the armies · They learn many army techniques · The promises made contributed to the postwar stress · Many strikes and riots broke out · The protesting intensified due to great depression in 1930’s · Ogranizations began to emerge from 1920’s-1930’s like the Pan-African organization · By mid 1920’s French and British colonies were going separate ways · Negritude –literacy movement helped combat the racial stereotyping that prevented Africans from bonding with Europeans. · Léopold Sédar Senghor- writer poet Liberation of Nonsettler Africa: MI: World War two caused more disruption in colonial Africa than World War one. The conditions in society were worst with forced labor and economic decline for the people. · Forced labor, confiscation of crops, mineral returned, inflation and controlled markets cut down on African earnings · Forced recruitment again · the soldier that fought for the French and British before had to return to racial discrimination after paying their duties, this led them to join nationalist parties · The French and Belgians were embarrassed and humiliated by Nazi in 1940 · The wartime need for both British and French led to major departures of longstanding colonial policies that restricted industrial development in Africa. · Factories were created to meet the needs of materials like vegetable oils, foods, and minerals. · This led to the migration of many African peasants to towns · Two main paths for decolonization in nonsettler Africa · First: created by Kwame Nkrumah and his followers in British Gold Coast colony, they launched process of decolonization in Africa. · Convention Peoples Party · Nkrumah was recognized by British as Prime minister of Ghana in 1957 · This led to independence from British colonies in mid-1960’s · Independence from France and Belgium came differently · The French held onto their colonies in Indochina and Algeria with military struggles · By 1960 all of France’s west African colonies were free · Belgium also retreated from their colony in the Congo because they learned that they were in the middle of a nationalist movement. · By 1960’s Europeans colonial rule had ended The Struggle for Settler colonies: MI: The pattern that went on by stages that characterized the process of decolonization in most of Asia and Africa proved unworkable in most of the settler colonies. The European settler communities blocked the rise of indigenous nationalist movements and concessions on the part of the colonial overlords. · The settlers wanted to turn over political control to African majority or grant them civil rights · They refused to give up land they occupied · Kenya African Union- underground organization coalesced a group of racial leaders · Land Freedom army (1950’s), a warfare against British, settlers, and Africans who were considered collaborators. · 1954, 200,000 rebels were in action at the capital · British responded with Military efforts to crush guerrilla movement

· 1956, movement defeated military and British were ready to negotiate

MPAL, UNITA,FNLA || Jose Eduardo Dos Santos- president for life || oldest colony economy = oil and diamonds and agriculture 40% poverty drug export || independence movement || Leopold II- congo free state Patrice Lumumba- First priminester of the congo || republic government inner termoil- civil war economy= oil || 1940Convention peoples party boycotted British || Kwane Nkrumah founder of CPP || gdp 1600 per capita malaria and hep. A high risk first first to gain independence in Africa || export diamons medeals || Secrect Mau Mau society killed many people creation Kenya African Democratic union || Jomo Kenyatta- president Tom Mboya govern. || gni - 720 dollars living with aids 1.5 milion || Alfred Milner a colonial admin. Nelson Mandela- involved in ANC national movements || Union of South Africa Republic middle income ||
 * Nation || Date || Colonial Power || Nature of Movement || Key Leader(s) || Success? ||
 * Algeria ||  ||   ||   ||   ||   ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Angola || 1975 || Portuguese || Agricultural society rised revolt against government because the raised taxes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Belgian Congo || June 30th,1960 || Belgium was having difficulties supporting || transition from being owned by King leoparld? he was corrupt.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Ghana || March 6, 1957 || British || Peaceful Movements, forced labor, controled markets, recruited to fight in war
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Guinea || Oct. 2nd 1958 || French and they seen as supreme power || junta || Sekou toure- presidence || 2010 first free election since 1958
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Kenya || Dec. 12, 1963 || British colony || First Pan African Congress
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Madagascar || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">1960 || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">They became independent from france || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">They had a diverse society with arabs, africans Indian and french. || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Charles DeGaulle gave them referendum || <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Formed Democratic social of Party Madagascar ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">South Africa || May 31 1910 gained independence || The dutch first to reach S.A. || Angleo boer wars triggered to independence from Britain. || Shaka Zulu- created powerful Zulu nation