civilizations


 * Ottoman Retreat and the Birth of Turkey || Western Intrusions and Crisis: Egypt  ||
 * * Ottoman Empire appeared to be falling apart.
 * Russian armies threatened Istanbul
 * Russians wanted to take over Istanbul, but British powers helped prevent it.
 * The sultans we inactive and there was succession of weak rulers
 * Money was taken away from the sultan
 * The industrial era ended artisan jobs
 * There was a lot of influence from the west due to the merchants that depended on their goods
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Military not strong
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sultan Selim III tried to reform the administrative efficiency, build a new army and navy. But he failed and was overthrown and killed 1807.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Mahmud II wanted to reform the Ottoman empire to be more like the Wersten. He exchanged ambassadors with European powers and had European military advisors imported <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Tanzimat Reforms reformed university education on western lines <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Islamic thinkers debated the best way to reverse the decline and to push back the Europeans
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Some wanted a return to the old Islamic beliefs but others wanted the adoption of Western ideas
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Murad, had power in Egypt at the time of Napoleon's arrival
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Murad dismissed the invader as a donkey boy and later resulted in the battle fought beneath the pyramids of ancient Egypt.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Muhamma Ali emerged as the effective ruler of Egypt
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The people faced lots of completion from manufactured goods from western Europe.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Impressed by the weapons and the discipline of the French
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Suez Canal made Egypt one of the most strategiv places on earth.
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">The canal became a vital commercial and military link between the European powers
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">They adopted Western tactic <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">
 * <span style="line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> Egyptian peasantry had to increase their production of cotton, hemp indigo and other crops and irrigation. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;"> ||