Ancient+Greece+and+Rome

Greece and Rome

Document: Thucydides on Athens 5th c. B.C.E

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || Athens was the major city of Greece and it was know for democratic beliefs. It was prospering with trade, knowledge, science, and war strategies. Athens biggest rival was Sparta. Sparta was a strong developing nation that was strongly respected among Greece. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || “If I have dwelt at some length upon the character of our country, it has been to show that our stake in the struggle is not the same as theirs who have no such blessings to lose” All the citizens of Athens because it would make them be at peace to know about their sons. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  The documents purpose is to console loved ones and show their families that they didn’t die with shame. "So died these men as became Athenians”, This would keep their families full of honor and pride. ||  Support with quotes  ||  "You must yourselves realize the power of Athens, and feed your eyes upon her from day to day,” The main point of the Article is how great Athens is and that its better than Sparta. Also to keep the people fighting with the same excitement. || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  The purpose was to keep the people interested in continue fighting and to know that those who died, died with pride for Athens. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Thucydides, a Greek historian and he was a general in the Peloponnesian war. He then wrote about the war and called it the History of the Peloponnesian war. Thucydides may come off to be bias towards Athens.  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Athens, Greece around 500 B.C.E  ||
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 * ** Audience **
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**__ Primary Source Analysis __**

=Document: Plutarch on Life in Sparta= (1st c. BCE)

What do we know about where this was created? What have we learned about this topic? Society that may be relevant? || The Spartan people were Athens biggest rival. The Spartan people lived a life based on the art of war. The women were expected to birth strong babies to add to their army. || Who is the intended audience? How might they receive this? – quotes to support your claims? || It was intended for the government to overthrow Lycurgus, “most exquisite political device, namely, the institution of common messes”. The people wanted them to clean up the mess he caused. || What is the purpose of this document? Read between the lines, support claims with a quote ||  The purpose is to show the Spartan Culture, and explain Lycurgus’s did for the society of Sparta. || Support with quotes  ||  The main idea is to show the government and political structure of Sparta. “The training of the Spartans lasted into the years of full maturity. No man was allowed to live as he pleased, but in their city, as in a military encampment, they always had a prescribed regimen and employment in public service, considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves.” || How does this relate to the big picture? What can it tell us as historians? Relate to ESPIRIT if possible ||  The big picture is to show Sparta’s political structure and to show that their capacity. ||
 * Author – Who created this? What do we know about the author? What might influence their opinions? ||  Plato, he was a senate, historican  ||
 * **Place** – Where and when was it created - ||  Southern Greece, 1st c. B.C.E  ||
 * ** Prior Knowledge **
 * ** Audience **
 * ** Reason for Creation **
 * ** The Main Idea **
 * ** Significance **

Comparing Spartans and Athenians: Both Sparta and Athens were so close to each other on the map, but they were each others biggest rivals. They had very little in common valuing different things since they were enemies. The way their politics were set up was some what similar. They both had assemblies created by the people. Sparta had two kings that were in power until death or impeached. Athens had archons also elected yearly. Athens is known to have founded the government form of democracy. Spartans focused a lot on war tactics and loyalty. The young boys were trained early on to be soldiers and the girls to be mothers of strong babies. While in Athens life was freer. People were allowed to pursue the any studies of art and science. The men and boys only had to join the army if they wanted too. Athenians were expansionist and wanted to rule more and more. That led to controversy among the Greeks, especially with Sparta. They fought in the Peloponnesian war and Sparta won. Later Athens just backed of the idea of controlling all Greeks, and city-states prospered.

Notes on Empire: Greeks Crucible of civilization: · 508 bc- padamonium ruled in Athens · People strived for freedom · Cleisthenes born in 570 bc in a rich a family -thought of giving freedom to the people setting them on the path to empire · Athens was developing its was a city but more like a village- soon to carry a huge empire · Society was unequal in wealth · Women cooked, spun, and weaved. · Power was held by aristocrats · Greece, Egypt , and Persian empire was where the earliest civilizations came about · Greece was divided by city-states, and they weren’t politically unified and wanted independent each. · One of the city states set out to dominate all of Greece; Sparta. The people were brought up to be a military man, had few possessions and clothes were red. · Spartans were expansionist, 4000 sq miles of Greece. Every year they declared war on Helots. · Story tellers were a big part of their culture, people memorized 100 of stories. · Most famous : Iliad and odyssey by homer · Heroes of war – Akalis · Pysitrtis demanded rule of Athens because he head Athena the goddess of wisdom to protect him, but other then ruling he had other admissions. · Olive trees production expanded-traded to the east · Pottery was popular – but Athenians began to develop a new unique style · 776 bc- was when the Olympic Games were created; it was for any Greek to show heroic traits. About 40,000 Greeks gathered traveling 100 miles to watch the game, only males were a part, women couldn’t even enter stadium. · After over thrown and put away from Athens, he was recalled to come back and create a government, but he had to start with something completely new. · He created democracy, black pebble for no and white for yes · Persians saw Athens development as a threat and planed an invasion.

Explain the key facts in the development of Athens: The Athenian government was disputed among the city-states of Greece, which was the key fact that brought about democracy. Roman Empire espirit chart


 * E ||  Greek and Roman economy was based on commercial agriculture with increased production of grapes and olives, trading with other civilizations, and free labor of slaves.
 *  Rome’s economy was led by slavery and agriculture
 *  Romans dominated their empire in the Mediterranean
 *  The staple crops they focused on were olives, grapes and some grains.
 *  Roman Empire flourished due to commercial agriculture.
 *  Greek city-states developed colonies in the Middle East then in Sicily to take over the production of grains.
 *  Romans pushed south to control Sicilian grain fields
 *  Slaves served as household servants and as workers in silver mines
 *  In Rome grains was accepted as a form of tax, which controlled food for the army and lower classes. ||
 * S || The social classes that made up Rome’s society were the Plebeians, the Patricians and slaves.

· There was two consuls in the executive power · The people were allowed to discuss issues they’d like changed in the empire. · Women had no political rights · The political theory outlined the citizens duty and political ethics. ||
 * The plebeians had low sanitation
 * Patricians Fathers were head of the homes.
 * Patricians were involved in the two consuls, senate, or legislative body.
 * Most merchants were on a higher social class due to international trade.
 * Both shared the same religion but they hardly interacted with each other.
 * The family roles were very specific, men were in control, women had little rights and had to control the finances of farming.
 * If the women misbehaved their husbands punished them.
 * The women, children, and slaves weren’t considered to be citizen.
 * Patricians were wealthy and always had the finest jewels
 * After the republic formed the social classes changed. ||
 * P ||  Roman politics reflected the democratic ideals of Greece; they had modifications to fit their needs, which was a senate and legislature of aristocrats.
 * I || *  Punic war around (264-146 BCE) Rome fought with Carthage and won, seizing the western Mediterranean empire.
 * Marcus Aurelius took over the Roman Empire in 180 C.E. He expanded by taking over France, Southern Britain, and pushing towards in Germany.
 * Rome used North Africa to trade for grain. ||
 * R ||  During the Roman empire the religion was based on set beliefs of spiritually, gods and goddesses that controlled human life, it was referred to as Greco-Roman.
 * Greeks much like the Roman followed the same beliefs, but they had different names for the gods. For example Father of gods-Jupiter for the Romans and for the Greeks it was Zeus
 * Ceremonies for the gods had political importance and people looks to the gods to foretell the future.
 * The gods were used for storytelling about human desires and foibles.
 * This belief lacked spiritual passion from the peasants and slaves.
 * The higher classes weren’t so satisfied either.
 * The religion lacked to provide ethical thought ||
 * I ||  The advancement in arts, science and math thrived in the Mediterranean.
 * Anatomy
 * geometry and Pythagoras theories
 * visuals and arts, it was used to decorate to the wealthy homes ||
 * T ||  Like the Greek the Romans advanced in architecture.
 * Aqueducts to better the water supply
 * More roads created for travel
 * Coliseum was a place for events ||

Key Terms:

Summary: The Greek peninsula was influenced by the Middle East and Africa. Greece was made of city states and one that reflected the most Egyptian culture was Crete around 2000 B.C.E. The kingdom that developed about 1400 B.C.E near the city of Mycenae was the city that homer memorialized the epic about the Trojan War. The city states developed quickly and soon established a type of government, either tyranny or aristocratic council. That being so it worked well since Greece was divided by peninsulas. Trade became very popular with the production of olive oil and grapes. Commercial agriculture was the leading thing in Athens. The Athenians used slaves as household works or to work in Silver mines. All Greek citizens joined to participate in the Olympic Games. Two of the city states in Greece became very competitive, Sparta and Athens. Sparta population was very focused on military values and Athenians were freer to pursue their happiness. The Athenian government had a lead in democratic government long be for the Peloponnesian war against Sparta. The system of direct democracy was developed there and it was led by mainly aristocrats. The Roman Empire began modestly as local monarchy in central Italy. It escaped the monarchy in about 509 B.C.E creating a stronger government system, The Roman Republic. The Roman territory spread after victory with the three Punic wars against Carthage in 246 to 146 B.C.E. After many conflicts Julius Caesar rose to power but was assassinated, and his nephew Augustus Caesar took over in 27 B.C.E. He helped shape the Roman Empire. The Roman government adapted many ideals of the Greek government democracy. In their government there was a senate, two consuls, and a legislative branch. The difference in both Greek and Roman government led to the development of the political theory. The Romans economy valued commercial agriculture. Slavery was spreading quickly in the Roman Empire as well. The Romans and the Greeks religion were very similar, with their polytheistic beliefs. They called it Greco-Roman religion. They had many of the same gods but with different names. In Greece Zeus was father of all gods and Rome it was Jupiter. The ceremonies for the gods reflected in their politics, people looked into have a good future, harvest, and health from the gods blessings.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Cyrus the Great ||  Cyrus the Great created the massive Persian empire in 500 B.C.E, The Persian empire rose against Greece.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Zoroastrianism ||  This is animist religion that saw material existence as battle between forces of good and evil; stressed the importance of moral choice; righteous lived on after death in “ house of song”; it was the chief religion of the Persian empire. This differed from the religion of Romans and Greeks, they were polytheistic and the gods were used for great storytelling.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Olympic Games ||  This was an event held in ancient Greece for athletic completion and ritual celebrations. These games were only for the males, as rules have changed it is a game participated by the whole world present day.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Peloponnesian Wars ||  These were wars from 431 to 404 B.C.E, between Athens and Sparta for dominance of Southern Greece. Sparta won the war and the Athenians laid back about ruling all Greek City-states.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Hellenistic Period ||  This is the culture associated with the spread of Greek influence as a result of Macedonian conquest; often seen as the combination of Greek culture with eastern political forms.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Roman republic ||  The balance of constitution of Rome from c. %10 to 47 B.C.E; featured an aristocratic senate, a panel, of magistrates, and several popular assemblies. Greece had the same type of ideals and they were the first to create democracy.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Punic Wars ||  This was a war fought between Rome and Carthage to establish dominance in the western Mediterranean; which the Romans were victorious.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Julius Caesar ||  He was a Roman general and dictator in the first Century B.C.E. He was killed on the Ides of March in 44 B.C. After his dead, <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Augustus Caesar, his nephew helped shape the Roman empire.  ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Direct democracy ||  It’s when people as a whole make direct decisions, rather than the electives decide for them. Democracy flourished in Greece and spread to Rome.  ||