The+Americas

The Aztec


 * The Aztec Espirt Chart:**
 * E || ** MI: ** In each Aztec community the local clan in power divided the lands. Each community had periodic markets according to cycles in the. However, the Aztec economy was largely agricultural.
 * Aztec built ingenious system of irrigated agriculture (beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth.)
 * Markets were heavily regulated by inspectors and judges
 * Yield from chinampa agriculture was high: four corn crops a year were possible
 * Communities had periodic markets (variety of goods were exchanged) controlled the distribution of various commodities ||
 * S || MI: The Calpulli were the major building blocks of Aztec society. They were governed by councils of family heads. The most important families who had leadership of the calpulli still held local power, but they were slowly outshined by the central monarchy.
 * Population was 1.5 million to more than 25 million
 * Nobles controlled the priesthood and military
 * Women were unequal
 * They worked in households, and had to cook, clean, and train their daughters to be housewives.
 * They were able to inherit property, and pass property.
 * Warrior nobles took lands and tribute from conquered towns
 * People were force to pay tribute, Tribute payments; food; slave, sacrificial victims which was served political and economic ends
 * the pipiltin families was most known
 * the scribes, artisans, and healers were important ||
 * P || MI: In the Aztec Empire, political duties were most heavily influenced by religion.Like, the emperor was also the head of the church.The ** Aztec government ** was unlike other systems because conquered cities paid ** respect ** to the Aztec empire.

Summary: The Aztecs came up after the collapse of Teotihuacán and the leaving of the classic Maya cities in the 8th century C.E. They created a widespread empire that valued war. Their religious passion and resting on a firm base helped them shape their empire. In the Aztec Empire, political duties were most heavily influenced by religion. For example their emperor was also the head of the church. However, they were polytheistic and Three major themes or cults Talco, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyot. Their art and pottery were very unique, although technology was very limited. ﻿Incas 
 * Most power was in the hands of the Aztec ruler and his chief advisor
 * formatted a imperial state (rapidly)
 * Rule by a king who represented civil power
 * The Great Speaker, (the ruler of Tenochtitlan) was chosen from the nobility
 * The prime minister was close relative of the ruler
 * Governing council were rulers in other cities ||
 * I || * merchants served also as spies or agents in Aztec military
 * Long-distance trade in luxury items
 * Cacao beans and gold dust used as currency
 * great market,, controlled by the special merchant class (porchteca)
 * Based on military power and their connection to Toltec culture ||
 * R || * Traditional mesoamerican polytheism was incorporated by the Aztecs, with such gods as sun, moon, sky, corn, rain, etc...
 * They offered the gods human sacrifice
 * 128 major deities
 * Some gods were of specific cities/groups/occupations
 * Gave gods a yearly festivals and ceremonies
 * Three major themes or cults Taloc, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyotl ||
 * I || * marriages were arranged
 * Polygamy excisted but peasant were monogamous
 * spoke Nahuatl (language of Toltecs)
 * Aztecs art and poetry of images of flowers, birds, and songs
 * Rewrote history to suit their purposes
 * human hearts and blood ||
 * T || Technology was limited
 * Lake of Texcoco provided a rich aquatic environmrnt and were the heartland of Mexico
 * Technology limited social development
 * They use to grind corn by hand on stone boards ||

Summary: The Inca Empire was ruled by the Inca, who was considered to be almost a god. Irrigated agriculture supposed a state religion and a royal ancestor cult. The government was based on state organization and bureaucratic control over peoples of different cultures and languages. With the achievements in architecture, the Incans got many fundamental ideas of civilization that helped them. Incas divided conquered areas into lands for the people and lands for the state and lands for the sun. They had beautiful art, pottery, and cloth. The Incas were also advanced in metal working and gold and silver works.
 * E || · The Inca community depended on the state to provide goods at self sufficiency and the s tate also provided roads, irrigation projects, and hard to get goods.  ||
 * S || * Incan males took part in mica which was taking turns working on the state
 * ** Yana **** ’s ** were a class removed from the ayllus
 * Most males were peasant/herders
 * Women also expected to labor for state (through tapesties)
 * Some nobles held private estates
 * Incas divided conquered areas into lands for the people and lands for the state and lands for the sun
 * Inca provided wool
 * Women were concubines for the Inca
 * Women were servant at the temples (Virgins of the Sun)
 * obligations were gender specific
 * Picked the most beautiful young women to serve the temples ||
 * P || The empire was ruled by the Inca, who was considered to be almost a god. He ruled from his court at Cuzco, which was also the major temple. The highest priest was a close relative. The government was based on state organization and bureaucratic control over peoples of different cultures and languages. Their form of bureaucracy involved the ruling of almost every noble. Local rules or Curacas were exempt from tribute obligations and received labor or produce from those under their control. The state claimed all resources and Nobility were all drawn from the 10 royal ayllus. The Inca queen was seen as a link to the moon. She was the representative of all women. Those related to the Inca himself were highly privileged. ||
 * I || * Long distance trade was important
 * State regulated production and surplus limited trade ||
 * R || * Sun to be the highest divinity
 * Temple of the Sun (Cuzco) was the center of the state religion
 * They weren’t allowed to worship of local gods
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Viracocha was the creator god and he was the favorite of Inca Pachacuti
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">They used mountains, rivers, caves, and tombs as shires
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">They made offerings to the gods like animals, goods, and even humans
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Temples served by many priests and women were in charge of the great celebrations ||
 * I || * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Quechua language
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Beautiful pottery and cloth
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Metalworking was advanced
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Artisans use gold and silver in their work
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">They made tools of copper and bronze
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">They use the wheel
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Times New (W1)'; font-weight: normal;">Quipu ** to record numerical it was a knot tying technique ||
 * T || * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Complex system of roads was built with bridges and causeways. The empire was connected by 25,000 roads.
 * <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt; tabstops: list .5in;">Number system improved government bureaucracy ||