The+Last+nomadic+challenges+(mongols)

Notes on the rest of Chapter 14

 **The Mongol Interlude in Chinese History**

 __Main Idea:__ After years of chase the Mongols final gained control over China in around the mid-13th century. They were able to maintain their diverse culture and social separateness. The Yuan era was a new social structure created in China, whereas both Muslims and Asian nomadic peoples were allies under the Mongols in hierarchy.

__ Sub: __ Although the Mongols had conquered the XiXia and Jin empires, they still strived for control of the southern song dynasty. Under the leadership of Kubilai Khan Campaigns were held. In 1260, he took the role of Great Khan. They southern song and the Mongols were at constant war. In 1271, Chinese advisor recommended that he’d change his Mongol regime to a more Chinese dynastic one, so he did by calling it Yuan.

__ Details: __ ** Gender Roles and the Convergence of Mongol and Chinese Culture **  __Main Idea:__ The Mongolian women stood up for themselves, and didn’t conform with the Chinese lifestyle for women.
 * Kubilai Khan passed laws to preserve the distinction between Chinese and Mongols.
 * Chinese scholars couldn’t learn Mongol script.
 * Mongols weren’t permitted to wed ethnic Chinese women.
 * Friendship was also discouraged
 * The militaries were separate
 * The Mongol religion was protected
 * His advisors were Chinese
 * the social structure of the Yuan dynasty looked like:
 * 1) Mongols on top
 * 2) the Asian nomads and Muslims allies just beneath
 * 3) after that the north Chinese
 * 4) the ethnic Chinese
 * 5) minority people of the south

Sub; The Mongolian women didn’t follow the traditions of the Chinese women, and kept their values.

__ Details: __
 * These refused to participate in foot binding
 * They retained their rights to property and within their homes
 * They maintained their freedom to move about the town

** Mongol Tolerance and Foreign Cultural Influence **  __Main Idea:__ Mongols really appreciated the ideas of different culture and their creativity, and their taste for the finer things in life.

__ Sub: __ The Mongol social structure was very diverse and came to the attention of Artisans, artists, scholars, and government officials that wanted jobs.

__ Details: __

** Social Policies and Scholar-Gentry Resistance ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> __Main Idea:__ Kubilai Khan attempt to promote Mongol adaptation was looked down upon by the ethnic Chinese, which was a majority of the south. They stilled viewed them as barbarian who put the Chinese customs in jeopardy.
 * The most favored were Muslim
 * The Muslims were seconded after the Mongols in the social grouping
 * Their were Turks and Persians on Kubilai Khan’s circle of advisors
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Muslims supervised the building of Kubilai Khan’s Chinese style city and created a well organized tax collection.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Muslims also ran imperial hospitals and translated medicine
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">The Persians astronomers advanced in Middle Eastern instruments and Chinese calendars
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Kubilai tolerated all religion
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman';">Marco Polo lived and served in Kubilai Khan’s administration for 17 years

__ Sub: __ Even though he cultivated the values of Confucianism and had Chinese bureaucrats in his administration, the scholar gentry believed them to behave like savages. Also due to his favoritism to foreign officials and the Mongols pushed the Scholar gentry even further away.

__ Details: __ ** The fall of the House of Yuan ** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"> __Main Idea:__ Kubilai Khan had a long ruling of nine years in all of China. At the end of his reign the empire was showing weakness and as he ended his rule so did the Mongolian dynasty.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Kubilai refused to bring back the civil service exam which prevented the administrative office being run by Confucian scholars
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Kubilai had a special regard for the artisan class
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Economics and commerce prospered due to the Mongols improvement of transportation
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">They also expanded the supply the paper money.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">They developed a navy, which helped in the conquest of the Song Empire. It also helped put down pirates and launch overseas expeditions.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Urban expansion, sedentary lifestyles, and cities flourished during the Yuan Era.
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Entertainment of poetry and essay writing became popular
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">The Romance of the West Chamber a popular

__ Details: __


 * His successors lacked his capacity of leadership and failed to carry on the empire
 * Many of the Muslims and Chinese that Mongols trusted became richer due to corruption
 * The scholar gentry over threw the Mongols or “barbarians”
 * By 1350’s it was clear that the dynasty was declining
 * Pirates and bandits spread in the empire
 * Famines hit lots of places
 * White Lotus Society (religious sects) planned to overthrow the dynasty

· Staple foods = meat/milk products provided by herds · Grain vegetables were gained through trade with sedentary farming peoples · Dressed in sheepskins, made boots from tanned sheep hides <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Temujin’s reputation grew as a warrior and military commander = won him allies + clan chiefs eager to attach themselves <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Livelihood depended on well-being of goats and sheep || · Tribe which was divided into kin related clans <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Dressed in sheepskins <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Made boots from tanned sheep hides <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Lived in round felt tents made of wool <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Hunted with animals <span style="margin-left: .25in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .25in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Boys and girls could ride ponies as soon as they could walk · When threatened by outside enemies/preparing for invasion of outside force, clans could be combined into a great confederation · If a leader of a tribe grew old/feeble, subordinated would quickly abandon || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Temijin was taken over but abducted by a rival clan and humiliated <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> · He joined forces with more powerful clan <span style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"> · kin-related clans whose members caped + herded together <span style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"> · When threatened tribe combine <span style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Leaders were elected by free men of the groups <span style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Men dominated leadership positions <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Renamed Chinggis Khan in 1206 as supreme ruler of Mongol tribes <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"> || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Trade routes made for prosperous merchants and wealth <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Mongol influence decreased while Moscow increased || · They were tolerant towards the religions of the people they conquered · Benefited from Orthodox Church · Religious leaders did not have to pay taxes/public services · All religions were tolerated in Khan empire · Beliefs of his ancestors ||
 * ** E  ** ||  · Mongols survived on herds of goat/sheep they drove from one pasture area to another
 * ** S  ** ||  · Mongol children at a young age were trained how to ride horses
 * ** P  ** || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;">
 * ** I  ** || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;"> · Khan improved trade with the lands father west
 * ** R  ** ||  · Mongols supported different religions
 * ** I  ** || * Khan consulted with Confucian scholars on how to rule China
 * Consulted with Muslim engineers
 * Script in Mongol language ||
 * ** T  ** || * Lances
 * Hatchets
 * Short bows ||