Africa+and+Africans

Notes on pages 435-440: The Atlantic Slave Trade: Main Idea- Portuguese set patterns for the slave trade and expanded to meet the new American colonies. Trend Toward Expansion: Main Idea- In the trans-Atlantic triangular trade increased dramatically with slaves. Demographic Patterns: Main Idea- The slave trade caused democratic shifts in the new world as wel as Africa. Organization of the Trade: Main Idea- An increasingly complex trade system helped Europe and Africa facilitate the exchanged of slaves. Notes on pages 440-448: African Societies, Slavery, and the Slave Trade: Main Idea- Slave trade influence African forms of servitude and the social development of African states.
 * Portuguese established factories: forts and trading posts with resident merchants.
 * El Mina was the most important in teh heart of the gold producing region of the forest zone
 * Most forst were established with the consents of local rulers
 * Africans got goods from Portuguese
 * Portuguese received ivory, pepper, animal skins, and gold from the Africans
 * El Mina + Accra + Other trade forts = led to gold producing regions
 * African trade routes = Portuguese success
 * Some African civilizations did not impress the Portuguese (Segegambian coast)
 * Efforts to convert rulers like benin, Kongo, and other were made
 * Nzinga Mvemba (Kongo ruler) brought his kingdom to Christianity
 * Africans to portuguese were savages and pegans but also capable of civilized + conversion to Christianity
 * foundation of Luanda ont eh coast = more permanenet Portuguese settlement
 * Portugal tried to control African ports in Indian Ocean + Red Sea
 * Securing bases at Kilwa, Mombasa, Sogfala = access to gold trade
 * Another of Portugal's major interest was the salve trade
 * Portuguese opened a direct channel to sub-Saharan Africa
 * First 50 slaves were sent per year but then it raised up to 500 per year
 * Slave trade increased when Portuguese and the Spanish began to develop sugar plantations
 * Salve trade predominated over all othe rkinds of commerce on the African coast
 * 12 million Africans were sghipped across teh Atlantic
 * Mortality rate of 10 + 20 % on the ships
 * About 10 or 11 million Africans actually arrived int eh Americans
 * A lot of people died in Africa as a result of teh slaving wars or in the forced marches
 * 16,000 slaves were snet per year -> 7 million slaves ( more then 80%) -> 3 million slave lived in the Americas
 * Cuba received 7000,000 slaves + Brazil received more than 1 million
 * Slave mortality was high + fertility was low
 * 6 million slaves worked int eh Americas + about 4 milion of them in southern USA
 * British and French Caribbean made up 80 to 90% of the pop
 * Spanish America and Brazil received the majority of African salves
 * English and French began to grow sugar = important to have slavers
 * Brazil alone received 3.5 - 5 million African
 * Trans-Sahara + Red Seam + east African=added another 3 million people to total of Africans exported slaves
 * Benin alone was importing 10,000 salves per year
 * Majority of trans-Saharan slave trade = women for concubines + domestic servant (north Africa + Middle East)
 * Atlantric salve tradea concentration = men (planters + mine owners seeks workers for heavy labors)
 * African societies preferred to sell men
 * Keep women + children as domestic slave or to extend excisting kin groups
 * pop of about 25 million was about one half what it woudl have been had there been no slave trade
 * trans-Atlantic slave carried more men than women and more women than children
 * Women + children that stayed in Africa swelled teh #'s of enslaved people
 * Maize and manioc were introduced to Africa = new food resources for pop
 * Control of the slave trade reflected teh political situation in Europe
 * Portuguese controlled msot of teh coastal trade
 * Portugal was the major supplier of Brazil and Spanish settlements in America
 * Dutch sized El Mina = major competitors with Portugal
 * Franch and English made similar arraggnements
 * Denmark had its agents and forts ont eh African coast
 * Africa was a graveyard because of teh tropical diseases they had
 * 10 % of employees from the Royal African Company returned to England
 * European agents dealt with local rulers, payign a tax/offering gifts
 * Spanish development a system in which a healthy man was called an indies piece
 * Salves were brought to teh cosat by a variety of means
 * English slave trade ran from 5 - 10% on average (Franch + Dutch trades was lower)
 * Triangular trade: slaves were carried to the Americas
 * Sugar + Tabacco and other good were carried to Europe
 * Muslim trans-Sahara + Red sea trade = established
 * Atlantic trade interacted w/ + transformed aspects of slavery
 * African societies = developed forms of servitude
 * African states = nonegalitarian
 * African societies = all land was owned by the state/ruler
 * control of slaves = way to increase wealth and status
 * Slaves used as servants/concubines/soldiers/administrators/field workers
 * Villages of enslaved dependants had to pay tribute to ruler
 * Things such as slave porters and villages of slave to supply caravans existed
 * Allowed nobles/senior lineages/rulers to exercise their power
 * Atlantic trade - new opportunities for expansion + intensification of slavery in societies
 * Slave = denied chaice about lives / actions
 * Slaves = dependent/ inferior positions/ aliens
 * excess of women led to polygyny + large harems by rules/ merchants
 * Slavery = legitimate fate for nonbelievers but illegal for Muslims
 * Slave communities = agriculture surplus for rulers/nobles
 * Slaves used for gold mining + salt production
 * Slavery = diffused form of labor control + wealth in Africa

Slaving and African Politics: Main Idea- Slave trade influence African political development of African states.
 * Merchants + royal officials = tap existing routes/markets/institutions
 * States + societies were transformed
 * States of central/western Africa = small/fragmented
 * Warrior/soldier emerged important in states
 * Wars took on a religious overtone of nonbelievers vs believers
 * Some say it was a feature of African politics; other result of European demand for new salves
 * Result = capture / sale of millions of humans
 * Sel-sufficiency / anti-authoritarian ideas developed
 * increasing centralization + hierarchy could be seen int eh enslaving African societies
 * Intermediaries betweent he gold of the west African forest + the trans-Saharan trade routes
 * Coast tried to monopolize the trade with Europeans
 * European good on the coast= firearms, iron, horses, cloth, tobacco
 * African kingdoms began to redirect trade to the coast and expand influence